All Free Management Sciences MCQs with Answers

• A. elaboration likelihood model
• B. value likelihood model
• C. expectancy elaboration model
• D. value elaboration model

Explanation: The elaboration likelihood model explains attitude formation and change through either a central route involving careful thought or a…

• A. associative network memory model
• B. distributive network memory model
• C. classified network memory model
• D. representative network memory model

Explanation: The associative network memory model represents stored information as connected nodes, with links varying in strength.

• A. ideal self-concept
• B. actual self-concept
• C. self-concept
• D. self-monitors

Explanation: Actual self-concept describes how consumers believe they currently see themselves, whereas ideal self-concept describes how they would…

• A. culture
• B. relatives
• C. supply by company
• D. demand by others

Explanation: Culture provides the broadest set of learned values, beliefs and preferences that shape what customers buy and how they buy it.

• A. recognize problem
• B. search of information
• C. deciding information sources
• D. problem analysis

Explanation: The buying decision process begins when the consumer recognizes a problem or need, such as realizing that a product is missing or no…

• A. central cues
• B. value cues
• C. peripheral cues
• D. value route

Explanation: Celebrity endorsements and attractive objects influence attitudes through peripheral cues rather than detailed evaluation of the product's…

• A. internal factors
• B. external factors
• C. social classes
• D. economic variables

Explanation: Upper uppers, upper lowers, middle class and working class are categories based on social class, usually reflecting income, occupation…

• A. peripheral heuristic
• B. anchoring heuristic
• C. geographical heuristic
• D. adjusting heuristic

Explanation: The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic starts with an initial judgment or anchor and then modifies it as additional information becomes…

• A. adding an important feature
• B. triggering emotions to personal values
• C. linking product to engaging issue
• D. linking product to personal situation

Explanation: Presenting cereal as healthy connects the product with the consumer's personal health values, making an otherwise low-involvement purchase…

• A. multitasking
• B. motivational aspects
• C. time constrained
• D. money constrained

Explanation: Multitasking means performing or managing two or more tasks during the same period.

• A. memory revival
• B. memory retrieval
• C. memory encoding
• D. memory decoding

Explanation: Memory retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness for use in a decision.

• A. leader groups
• B. party groups
• C. aspiration groups
• D. associative groups

Explanation: Aspiration groups are groups that an individual would like to join or be associated with, even when the individual is not currently a…

• A. financial risk
• B. social risk
• C. physical risk
• D. functional risk

Explanation: A product failure that may injure or endanger the user creates physical risk, unlike financial risk, which concerns monetary loss.

• A. aspiration groups group
• B. associative group
• C. dissociative group
• D. inspiration group

Explanation: A dissociative group is one whose values or behaviours an individual rejects and does not want to imitate.

• A. lifestyle
• B. personality
• C. role
• D. status

Explanation: Lifestyle describes a person’s pattern of living and how that person interacts with the environment through activities, interests and…

• A. motivational process
• B. sampling process
• C. perceptual process
• D. technical process

Explanation: Selective attention and selective distortion are perceptual processes: consumers notice some stimuli and interpret them according to…

• A. family orientation
• B. inspirational orientation
• C. group orientation
• D. opinion orientation

Explanation: The family of orientation is the family into which a person is born, especially parents and siblings.

• A. value cues
• B. central route
• C. peripheral route
• D. central cues

Explanation: The central route persuades through careful consideration of product information, evidence and arguments, so it suits rational and…

• A. less attention
• B. heightened attention
• C. data attention
• D. research attention

Explanation: Heightened attention is the milder form of information search, in which a consumer becomes more receptive to relevant information without…

• A. fake positioning
• B. real positioning
• C. brand positioning
• D. market positioning

Explanation: Real repositioning changes the product itself, such as redesigning its features, rather than merely changing its promotional message.