All Free Pathology MCQs with Answers

• A. Autolysis
• B. Lysis
• C. Apoptosis
• D. Autopsy

Explanation: Apoptosis is regulated, programmed cell death that removes unwanted cells without the marked inflammation typical of necrosis.

• A. Spleen
• B. Lung
• C. Liver
• D. Brain

Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is classically seen in the brain after ischemic injury because enzymatic digestion converts the tissue into a soft…

• A. Dead tissue
• B. Salivary glands
• C. Normal tissues
• D. Skin layers

Explanation: Dystrophic calcification is deposition of calcium salts in dead or damaged tissue, even when the serum calcium level is normal.

• A. Occurs in damaged tissue
• B. Serum calcium levels are high
• C. Atherosclerotic lesions
• D. Tuberculous lesions

Explanation: Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged tissues such as tuberculous lesions and atherosclerotic plaques, usually despite normal serum…

• A. Mitotic cell division
• B. Blood coagulation
• C. Apoptotic cell death
• D. G1 to S phase of cell cycle

Explanation: Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that dismantle the cell during apoptosis by cleaving structural and regulatory proteins.

• A. Fatty change
• B. Hyaline change
• C. Amy
• D. Atrophy

Explanation: The tigered or tabby appearance of the heart is produced by fatty change, with yellow streaks of fat contrasting against the darker…

• A. Caseation
• B. Liquefaction
• C. Coagulation
• D. Fibrinoid

Explanation: Hydrolytic digestion of dead cells produces liquefaction, so the tissue becomes soft and fluid.

• A. Single cell necrosis
• B. Intracytoplasmic accumulation
• C. Degenerative change
• D. Neoplastic change in the cell

Explanation: Apoptosis is programmed death of individual cells, so it is often described in basic pathology as single-cell death.

• A. Necrosis
• B. Autolysis
• C. None of the above
• D. Apoptosis

Explanation: The cyclical shedding of endometrial cells is a regulated, hormone-dependent process involving apoptosis rather than necrosis.

• A. Coagulative nacrosis
• B. Liquefactive necrosis
• C. Caseous necrosis
• D. Fat necrosis

Explanation: Hypoxic injury in most solid organs causes coagulative necrosis because protein denaturation temporarily preserves the tissue…

• A. Characteristic of focal bacterial infections
• B. Characteristic of hypoxic death
• C. Characteristic by loss of tissue architecture
• D. None of the above

Explanation: Coagulative necrosis is the typical pattern of ischemic or hypoxic cell death in solid organs, except in the brain.

• A. Gorlin syndrome
• B. Holoprosencephaly
• C. Mayer Rokitansky syndrome
• D. Polysyndactyly

Explanation: HOXD13 mutations disrupt limb patterning and classically produce synpolydactyly or polysyndactyly.

• A. Marfan syndrome
• B. Down syndrome
• C. Turner syndrome
• D. Kleinfelters syndrome

Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome has a 47,XXY karyotype, giving a male two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome.

• A. Trisomy 13
• B. Trisomy 18
• C. Trisomy 21
• D. Turner syndrome

Explanation: Trisomy 13, or Patau syndrome, combines cleft lip and palate, polydactyly, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly and scalp defects such as…

• A. Trisomy of 21 chromosome
• B. Deletion of 21
• C. Robersonian translocation of 21.21, 21.18
• D. Mosaicism of 21 chromosome

Explanation: Down syndrome results from full trisomy 21, mosaicism, or an extra chromosome 21 attached by Robertsonian translocation.

• A. Daughter are infeted
• B. Sons are infected
• C. Daughter are carrier
• D. All are normal

Explanation: An affected haemophiliac man passes his affected X chromosome to every daughter and his Y chromosome to every son; with a normal woman…

• A. Brd V-staining
• B. C banding
• C. Q banding
• D. G banding

Explanation: G-banding uses trypsin digestion followed by Giemsa staining and is the routine banding method for identifying chromosomes in…

• A. Xeroderma pigmentosum
• B. Albinism
• C. Icthyosis
• D. Sickle cell anaemia

Explanation: Xeroderma pigmentosum results from defective nucleotide-excision repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage, causing extreme…

• A. Metaphase
• B. Interphase
• C. Anaphase
• D. Prophase

Explanation: A Barr body is the condensed, inactive X chromosome seen in the nucleus during interphase.

• A. Plummer vinson syndrome
• B. Sturge weber syndrome
• C. Klinefelter syndrome
• D. Multiple hamartoma syndrome

Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome has been associated with an increased risk of certain malignancies, including reported haematological malignancies…