All Free Nursing Management and Ethics MCQs with Answers

• A. External validity
• B. Internal consistency
• C. Inter-rater reliability
• D. Researcher reflexivity

Explanation: External validity concerns how well findings can be generalised to other people, settings, or situations.

• A. Type I error
• B. Type II error
• C. Sampling error
• D. Measurement error

Explanation: A Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected, producing a false claim of an effect.

• A. Thematic analysis
• B. Randomisation
• C. Meta-analysis
• D. Regression analysis

Explanation: Thematic analysis identifies, organises, and interprets recurring patterns or themes in qualitative data.

• A. It prevents all data collection
• B. It may create unequal groups
• C. It guarantees selection bias is absent
• D. It makes the study purely qualitative

Explanation: Assignment by clinic day is not random and may place people with different characteristics into the two groups.

• A. Selecting participants fairly from the eligible population
• B. Giving the intervention only to senior staff
• C. Withholding study information from participants
• D. Allowing the researcher to change consent later

Explanation: Justice requires fair selection and fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of research.

• A. Replace every missing value with zero
• B. Review the records and document missing data
• C. Delete all questionnaires from the study
• D. Enter the missing values as positive results

Explanation: The researcher should review the records, determine the extent and pattern of missing data, and document the handling plan before…

• A. Apply it to every patient immediately
• B. Compare it with patient needs and local resources
• C. Ignore it because research cannot guide care
• D. Use it only if the study had no limitations

Explanation: Evidence-based practice combines research evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences, safety, and local resources.

• A. Dorothea Orem
• B. Florence Nightingale
• C. Sister Callista Roy
• D. Jean Watson

Explanation: Florence Nightingale developed the environmental theory, which links health with factors such as ventilation, cleanliness, light and…

• A. Wholly compensatory system
• B. Partly compensatory system
• C. Supportive-educative system
• D. Mutual adaptation system

Explanation: A wholly compensatory system is used when the patient cannot perform self-care and the nurse provides the needed care.

• A. A distant financial concern
• B. The immediate postoperative pain
• C. A learned coping pattern
• D. The patient's oxygen saturation

Explanation: The focal stimulus is the stimulus most immediately confronting the person, such as postoperative pain.

• A. Intrapersonal stressor
• B. Interpersonal stressor
• C. Extrapersonal stressor
• D. Normal line of defense

Explanation: An interpersonal stressor arises from interaction between people, such as family conflict.

• A. Orientation, identification, exploitation, resolution
• B. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, evaluation
• C. Preparation, encounter, termination, follow-up
• D. Dependence, independence, teaching, discharge

Explanation: Peplau described orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution as phases of the therapeutic relationship.

• A. Watson's theory of human caring
• B. Orem's self-care deficit theory
• C. Roy's adaptation model
• D. Neuman's systems model

Explanation: Watson's theory emphasizes caring relationships, human dignity, presence and attention to the patient's subjective experience.

• A. A model gives a broad framework, while a theory gives related concepts and propositions
• B. A model is used only in research, while a theory is used only in clinical care
• C. A model contains no concepts, while a theory contains only measurable variables
• D. A model describes one disease, while a theory describes every nursing procedure

Explanation: A conceptual model provides a broad, organized framework for viewing nursing phenomena.

• A. Orientation phase
• B. Identification phase
• C. Exploitation phase
• D. Resolution phase

Explanation: During orientation, the nurse and patient meet, identify the problem and clarify the purpose of the relationship.

• A. Maintaining fresh air and reducing unnecessary noise
• B. Encouraging complete dependence on the nurse
• C. Interpreting the illness as a role transition
• D. Focusing mainly on the patient's unconscious conflict

Explanation: Nightingale emphasized ventilation, cleanliness, light, nutrition, warmth and a quiet environment to support healing.

• A. Wholly compensatory system
• B. Partly compensatory system
• C. Supportive-educative system
• D. Environmental compensation system

Explanation: The supportive-educative system is appropriate when the patient can carry out self-care but needs teaching, guidance or support.

• A. The patient's ability to perform needed self-care
• B. The nurse's skill in providing direct care
• C. The health service's ability to prevent illness
• D. The family's willingness to supervise treatment

Explanation: Self-care agency is the person's learned ability to meet self-care needs.

• A. Physiological-physical mode
• B. Self-concept mode
• C. Role-function mode
• D. Interdependence mode

Explanation: The physiological-physical mode concerns bodily processes and physical functioning, including movement and activity.

• A. A flexible boundary that prevents all stressors
• B. Internal defenses that support system stability
• C. A fixed role pattern learned during childhood
• D. A treatment plan selected by the nurse

Explanation: Lines of resistance are internal defenses that become active after a stressor passes the normal line of defense.