In Vroom's theory, motivation is a product of ________?

Correct answer: D. all of above

  • A. expectancy
  • B. instrumentality
  • C. valence
  • D. all of above

Explanation

Vroom proposed that motivation depends jointly on expectancy, instrumentality, and valence: belief in effort leading to performance, performance leading to rewards, and the value of those rewards. If any factor is absent, motivation falls, so all three are required.

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