Free Haemodynamic Disorders MCQs with Answers

• A. Endothelial damage
• B. Hypercoagulability
• C. Alteration in blood flow
• D. Fatty streak

Explanation: Endothelial injury exposes thrombogenic subendothelial components and promotes platelet adhesion and coagulation, making it a major…

• A. Oedema of legs
• B. Oedema of spleen
• C. Oedema of lungs
• D. Oedema of liver

Explanation: Left-sided heart failure raises pressure in the pulmonary veins and capillaries, forcing fluid into the lung interstitium and alveoli.

• A. Pulmonary embolism
• B. None of the above
• C. Congestive heart failure
• D. Arrhythmias

Explanation: Ventricular arrhythmias, especially ventricular fibrillation, are the leading cause of sudden death soon after myocardial infarction.

• A. Lung
• B. Liver
• C. Kidney
• D. Spleen

Explanation: Pale, or anemic, infarcts occur in solid organs with end-arterial circulation such as the kidney, spleen and heart.

• A. Fatty streak
• B. Atheroma
• C. Fibrous plaque
• D. None of the above

Explanation: The fatty streak is the earliest visible lesion of atherosclerosis and consists of lipid-laden foam cells in the intima.

• A. Aorta - Aneurysm, thromboembolism
• B. All of the above
• C. Lower extremities - claudication gangrene
• D. Heart - MI, Ischemic heart disease

Explanation: Atherosclerosis can cause aortic aneurysm and thromboembolism, coronary ischemia and myocardial infarction, and peripheral claudication or…

• A. Intestines
• B. Kidneys
• C. Lungs
• D. Heart

Explanation: Most venous emboli travel through the right side of the heart and lodge in the pulmonary arteries, producing pulmonary thromboembolism.

• A. Lung
• B. Kidney
• C. Spleen
• D. Heart

Explanation: Pulmonary infarcts are classically hemorrhagic because the lungs receive blood from both the pulmonary and bronchial circulations.

• A. Intestines
• B. Lungs
• C. Kidneys
• D. Heart

Explanation: Venous emboli are carried to the lungs by the venous circulation and right heart, so the pulmonary arteries are their most frequent site…

• A. Liver
• B. Lung
• C. Both A and B
• D. Kidney

Explanation: Infarcts are uncommon in both the liver and lung because each has a dual blood supply, which can maintain tissue viability after blockage…

• A. Ovary
• B. Lung
• C. Intestine
• D. Heart

Explanation: The heart commonly develops a pale infarct because it is supplied by relatively end-arterial coronary vessels.

• A. All of the above
• B. Hypertension
• C. Diabetes
• D. Smoking

Explanation: Smoking, hypertension, and diabetes each promote endothelial injury, lipid deposition, or vascular inflammation, so all are established…

• A. Coronary artery
• B. Abdominal aorta
• C. Thoracic aorta
• D. Internal carotid artery

Explanation: The abdominal aorta, especially below the renal arteries and near the bifurcation, is the commonest major site of atherosclerotic…

• A. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
• B. Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
• C. Serum ornithine carbamyl transferase (SOCT)
• D. Creatine phospho kinase (CPK)

Explanation: Myocardial infarction commonly raises CK, LDH, and SGOT levels because these enzymes are released from injured cardiac muscle.

• A. Systemic venous congestion
• B. Oedematous ankles
• C. Enlargement of spleen and liver
• D. Chronic venous congestion of lungs

Explanation: Left-sided cardiac failure backs blood up into the pulmonary circulation, producing chronic passive congestion of the lungs with brown…

• A. Pattern of blood flow
• B. Hyper coagulability of blood
• C. Altered blood flow
• D. Endothelial injury

Explanation: Virchow's triad consists of endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and abnormal blood flow, including stasis or turbulence.

• A. Lines of zahn
• B. Chicken fat appearance
• C. Dry and friable
• D. Firm adherence to endothelium where as absent in postmorten clots

Explanation: A chicken-fat appearance is typical of a postmortem clot formed from separated red cells and plasma, not an antemortem thrombus.

• A. Ecchymosis
• B. Malena
• C. Melanosis
• D. Petechiae

Explanation: Ecchymoses, petechiae, and melena can indicate bleeding, whereas melanosis means abnormal melanin pigmentation and is unrelated to…

• A. Hemothorax
• B. Heamoperitonium
• C. Heamopericardium
• D. Hematoma

Explanation: A hematoma is a localized collection of extravasated blood within tissues that produces swelling.

• A. All of the above
• B. Stasis of blood
• C. Turbulence of blood
• D. Endothelial injury

Explanation: Endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow from stasis or turbulence, and hypercoagulability are the three components of Virchow’s triad, all…