Free Haemodynamic Disorders MCQs with Answers

• A. Vein
• B. Valve cusp
• C. Heart chamber
• D. Arteries

Explanation: A mural thrombus forms along the wall of a heart chamber, commonly in an atrium after atrial fibrillation or over an infarcted ventricular…

• A. Lymphangitis
• B. Endarteritis
• C. Atheroscleroses
• D. Thrombophebitis

Explanation: Most pulmonary emboli arise from thrombi in the deep veins of the legs, often described clinically as thrombophlebitis or deep-vein…

• A. Endothelial injury
• B. Cytokine action
• C. Increased vascular permeability
• D. Peripheral vasodilation

Explanation: Endotoxin stimulates macrophages and other cells to release cytokines such as TNF and IL-1, initiating vasodilation, endothelial…

• A. Coronary arteries
• B. Cerebral arteries
• C. Pulmonary arteries
• D. Renal arteries

Explanation: A saddle embolus lodges at the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk or its major branches, abruptly obstructing pulmonary blood flow.

• A. Damage to endothelium due to injury or inflammation
• B. Diminished rate of blood flow
• C. Increased coagulability of blood
• D. Increased venous blood pressure

Explanation: Virchow’s triad consists of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow such as stasis, and hypercoagulability.

• A. Below 1.012
• B. Below 1.0.10
• C. Between 1.012 and 1.020
• D. Above 1.020Download Reference Apps

Explanation: Transudate forms from increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced plasma oncotic pressure and contains relatively little protein, giving it…

• A. Decreased capilary permeability
• B. Increased capilary permeability
• C. Decreased interstitial fluid
• D. Decreased blood flowOrder DNA Kits

Explanation: A rise in capillary permeability allows protein-rich fluid to escape into the interstitium, producing inflammatory edema.

• A. Increased specific gravity
• B. Cloudy appearance
• C. Low protein
• D. High proteinConsult Online Doctors

Explanation: Transudate forms mainly from altered hydrostatic or oncotic pressure and contains little protein, so it is usually clear with a low…

• A. None of the above
• B. Passive congestion in liver
• C. Active hyperemia in lungs
• D. Passive Congestion in lungs

Explanation: Left-sided heart failure raises pressure backward into the pulmonary veins, causing passive pulmonary congestion and oedema.

• A. Spleen
• B. Liver
• C. Kidney
• D. Lung

Explanation: Gamna-Gandy bodies are siderotic nodules in the spleen, composed of fibrous tissue containing hemosiderin, calcium and often iron-laden…

• A. Portal vein
• B. Veins of lower extremities
• C. Pulmonary vein
• D. Hepatic vein

Explanation: The commonest clinically important thrombi arise in the deep veins of the lower limbs, especially the calf veins.

• A. Arteries
• B. Capilaries
• C. Veins
• D. Heart

Explanation: Thrombosis occurs most commonly in veins, particularly the deep veins of the lower limbs, where blood flow is slow and stasis is common.

• A. Thrombo embolism
• B. Air embolism
• C. Amniotic fluid embolism
• D. Fat embolism

Explanation: Fractures of long bones can release marrow fat into the circulation, producing fat embolism and, in severe cases, fat embolism syndrome.

• A. Lungs
• B. Heart
• C. Liver
• D. Kidney

Explanation: Heart failure cells are hemosiderin-laden macrophages found in alveoli after chronic pulmonary venous congestion from left-sided heart…

• A. Blood pressure
• B. Deficiency of effective circulating blood volume
• C. CVP to 8 cm of water
• D. Cardiac output

Explanation: Shock is managed by correcting the inadequate effective circulating volume so that tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery are restored.

• A. Sepsis
• B. Hypovolemia
• C. Vasoconstriction
• D. Impaired tissue prefusion

Explanation: All forms of shock produce inadequate tissue perfusion, causing cellular hypoxia and organ dysfunction.

• A. Severe generalized swelling
• B. Abnormal inflammatory process
• C. Absence of proliferation of vessels following inflammation
• D. Presence of pus

Explanation: Anasarca is severe, generalized oedema involving much of the body, usually due to disorders such as heart failure, renal disease or severe…

• A. Ascending oaorta
• B. Deep leg veins
• C. Portal vein
• D. Right atrium

Explanation: Most pulmonary thromboemboli arise from deep venous thromboses in the legs, particularly the calf, femoral or iliac veins.

• A. Ecchymosis - large extravasation of blood in to the skin and mucous membrane
• B. Purpura - small areas (1cm) of hemorrhage in to the skin and mucous membrane
• C. All of the above
• D. petechiae - small pin point hemorrhages

Explanation: Petechiae are pinpoint haemorrhages, purpura are intermediate small haemorrhages, and ecchymoses are larger areas of blood extravasation.

• A. Clot formation
• B. Infarction
• C. Embolism
• D. Thrombosis

Explanation: Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents within the vascular system during life.