All Free Physiology MCQs with Answers

• A. Vagus nerve
• B. Meissners plexus
• C. Myentric plexus
• D. Parasympathetic

Explanation: The myenteric plexus mainly coordinates gastrointestinal smooth-muscle activity, including peristalsis.

• A. Brunner's glands
• B. Pyloric glands
• C. Gastric glands
• D. Fundic glands

Explanation: Fundic, or oxyntic, glands occupy most of the body and fundus of the stomach and are therefore the most numerous gastric glands.

• A. Stomach
• B. Parotid
• C. Pancrease
• D. Gall bladder

Explanation: Vagal stimulation promotes gastric, pancreatic, and gallbladder activity, but parotid secretion is controlled mainly by the…

• A. Enterokinase
• B. Trypsin
• C. Low pH
• D. Chymotrypsin

Explanation: Pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin in the strongly acidic gastric lumen, with the low pH also allowing pepsin to activate more…

• A. Is a reflex mechanism
• B. Vocal cords are closed
• C. Is a voluntary mechanism
• D. A and B

Explanation: The pharyngeal phase is an involuntary reflex triggered when the bolus reaches the pharynx, and closure of the vocal cords protects the…

• A. Hepatocytes
• B. Kupffer cells
• C. Hepatic duct
• D. The gall bladder

Explanation: Hepatocytes synthesize bile, which then flows through the hepatic ducts to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.

• A. Destruction of bacteria
• B. Neutralization of chyme
• C. Activation of pepsinogen
• D. Stimulation of pancreatic secretion

Explanation: Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin, providing the acidic pH required for protein digestion.

• A. Gastrin by stomach
• B. Pancreatic enzymes
• C. Amylase by salivary gland
• D. HCL by stomach

Explanation: Histamine acts on H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells and increases hydrochloric acid secretion through cyclic AMP.

• A. Glucuronic acid
• B. Glutamine
• C. Acetyl CoA
• D. Glycine

Explanation: In hepatocytes, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, forming water-soluble bilirubin glucuronides…

• A. Creatinine
• B. Bilirubin
• C. Globulin
• D. 5 mercaptan purine

Explanation: Bile appears yellow to green mainly because of bilirubin and its oxidation product biliverdin.

• A. 4 times a day
• B. 2 times in between meals
• C. 10 times a day in fasting
• D. 8 times a day

Explanation: Bile salts undergo enterohepatic circulation repeatedly, commonly described in standard physiology texts as about eight cycles per day.

• A. Receptive relaxation
• B. Deceptive relaxation
• C. Reactive relaxation
• D. None of the above

Explanation: The proximal stomach undergoes receptive relaxation when food enters, allowing it to accommodate a meal without a major rise in…

• A. Food in the mouth
• B. Food in the stomach
• C. Sight of food
• D. Thought of food

Explanation: The cephalic phase is triggered before food reaches the stomach by sight, smell, taste, thought, or chewing of food.

• A. Isthmus
• B. Fundus
• C. Neck
• D. Gastric pit

Explanation: Chief cells are concentrated in the deeper part or base of fundic glands, where they secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

• A. Pepsin
• B. Ptyalin
• C. Trypsin
• D. Cholecystokinin

Explanation: Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal hormone released mainly by I cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to fats and amino acids.

• A. Pavlov's pouch
• B. Condition reflex
• C. Heidenhan's pouch
• D. None of the above

Explanation: Pavlov's pouch, a denervated or surgically isolated gastric pouch, helped demonstrate neural phases of gastric secretion, including the…

• A. Free fatty acid
• B. Higher fattery acids, diglycerides and monoglycereides
• C. Glycerol
• D. All of the above

Explanation: Bile salts form micelles that aid absorption of long-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, with some diacylglycerols also included in…

• A. Hemolytic jaundice
• B. Viral hepatitis
• C. Obstructive jaundice
• D. All of the above

Explanation: Obstruction prevents bile pigments from reaching the intestine, so intestinal bacteria cannot form urobilinogen and urinary urobilinogen…

• A. Ileum
• B. Duodenum
• C. Jejunum
• D. Colon

Explanation: Most bile salts are reabsorbed by active transport in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver through the enterohepatic circulation.

• A. Gastric distension
• B. Secretin
• C. Gastrin
• D. Vagal stimulus

Explanation: Gastric distension, gastrin, and vagal stimulation promote gastric secretion through neural and hormonal pathways.