All Free Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing MCQs with Answers
Every Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing question in the bank, across all chapters, each with the correct answer and a written explanation. Free and unlimited, with no account needed.
400 questions · page 19 of 20
- A. Glomerulus and Bowman capsule
- B. Proximal tubule and loop of Henle
- C. Distal tubule and collecting duct
- D. Renal pelvis and ureter
Explanation: The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus surrounded by Bowman capsule, where blood filtration begins.
Correct answer: Glomerulus and Bowman capsule- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Descending loop of Henle
- C. Distal convoluted tubule
- D. Collecting duct
Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule performs extensive reabsorption of useful substances and water back into the blood.
Correct answer: Proximal convoluted tubule- A. Reduced ADH release and dilute urine
- B. Increased ADH release and concentrated urine
- C. Reduced aldosterone release and concentrated urine
- D. Increased filtration and increased urine volume
Explanation: Dehydration stimulates ADH release, which increases water permeability in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts.
Correct answer: Increased ADH release and concentrated urine- A. Increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
- B. Increasing glucose filtration and calcium secretion
- C. Decreasing sodium reabsorption and potassium retention
- D. Blocking water reabsorption in collecting ducts
Explanation: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion mainly in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
Correct answer: Increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion- A. Glomerular filtration
- B. Tubular reabsorption
- C. Tubular secretion
- D. Urinary elimination
Explanation: Tubular secretion transfers selected substances from the blood into the nephron lumen for removal in urine.
Correct answer: Tubular secretion- A. Increase the intravenous fluid rate
- B. Check the tubing for kinks and obstruction
- C. Administer a prescribed diuretic
- D. Remove the catheter and insert another
Explanation: The nurse first checks for a simple mechanical obstruction, such as a kinked tube or a bag positioned above the bladder.
Correct answer: Check the tubing for kinks and obstruction- A. Excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate
- B. Excreting bicarbonate and conserving hydrogen ions
- C. Reducing urea formation and retaining phosphate
- D. Increasing glucose secretion and reducing sodium loss
Explanation: The kidneys help correct acidosis by secreting hydrogen ions into tubular fluid and reabsorbing or generating bicarbonate.
Correct answer: Excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate- A. Moderate dilation of the afferent arteriole
- B. Moderate constriction of the afferent arteriole
- C. Increased permeability of the filtration membrane
- D. Increased blood flow into the glomerulus
Explanation: Constriction of the afferent arteriole reduces blood flow and pressure entering the glomerulus, so filtration falls.
Correct answer: Moderate constriction of the afferent arteriole- A. It creates a medullary gradient that supports water conservation
- B. It stores urine before voluntary bladder emptying
- C. It filters plasma before it enters Bowman capsule
- D. It prevents sodium movement throughout the nephron
Explanation: The loop of Henle contributes to the medullary concentration gradient through different water and solute permeabilities in its limbs.
Correct answer: It creates a medullary gradient that supports water conservation370. A nurse teaches a patient about normal urine formation. Which statement shows correct understanding?
- A. Filtration moves substances from tubules into the blood
- B. Reabsorption returns selected substances to the blood
- C. Secretion moves all plasma proteins into urine
- D. Excretion occurs before filtration in the nephron
Explanation: Tubular reabsorption returns needed water and solutes from the tubular fluid to the blood.
Correct answer: Reabsorption returns selected substances to the blood- A. Glomerulus, distal tubule, proximal tubule, collecting duct
- B. Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
- C. Proximal tubule, Bowman capsule, distal tubule, loop of Henle
- D. Bowman capsule, loop of Henle, proximal tubule, collecting duct
Explanation: Filtrate enters Bowman capsule after passing through the glomerulus, then flows through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule…
Correct answer: Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule- A. The ureter contains a wide internal lumen
- B. The ureter enters the bladder obliquely
- C. The ureter has a continuous external sphincter
- D. The ureter is lined by simple squamous epithelium
Explanation: The ureter passes obliquely through the bladder wall, so bladder pressure compresses it during filling and urination.
Correct answer: The ureter enters the bladder obliquely- A. It decreases water permeability in collecting ducts
- B. It increases water permeability in collecting ducts
- C. It prevents sodium filtration at the glomerulus
- D. It increases glucose secretion into tubular fluid
Explanation: Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts by promoting aquaporin insertion.
Correct answer: It increases water permeability in collecting ducts- A. Encourage the patient to drink more water
- B. Place the patient on cardiac monitoring and notify the provider
- C. Ask the patient to walk to improve renal circulation
- D. Document the result and repeat it at the next routine check
Explanation: Severe hyperkalaemia with ECG changes can cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, so circulation and cardiac monitoring take…
Correct answer: Place the patient on cardiac monitoring and notify the provider- A. Sodium ions
- B. Water molecules
- C. Large plasma proteins
- D. Small glucose molecules
Explanation: The filtration barrier normally prevents most large plasma proteins from entering the filtrate.
Correct answer: Large plasma proteins- A. The pain is caused by stretching of the renal capsule
- B. The pain results from spasms and distension of the ureter
- C. The pain is caused by irritation of the urinary sphincter
- D. The pain results from overfilling of the urinary bladder
Explanation: A stone can obstruct the ureter, causing smooth muscle spasm and distension above the obstruction.
Correct answer: The pain results from spasms and distension of the ureter377. Which change normally occurs when water intake is low and antidiuretic hormone secretion rises?
- A. Urine volume increases and urine becomes dilute
- B. Urine volume decreases and urine becomes concentrated
- C. Urine volume increases and urine becomes concentrated
- D. Urine volume remains unchanged and urine becomes dilute
Explanation: Higher antidiuretic hormone levels increase water reabsorption from the collecting ducts.
Correct answer: Urine volume decreases and urine becomes concentrated- A. Renal pelvis
- B. Ureter
- C. Urinary bladder
- D. Renal cortex
Explanation: The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir that stores urine until micturition occurs.
Correct answer: Urinary bladder- A. The urine is pale yellow in colour
- B. The patient reports mild thirst
- C. The urine output remains markedly reduced
- D. The patient asks when oral fluids can restart
Explanation: Persistent urine output below about 0.5 mL/kg/hour may indicate reduced renal perfusion, obstruction or acute kidney injury and should be…
Correct answer: The urine output remains markedly reduced- A. It moves substances from blood into the nephron lumen
- B. It returns useful substances from tubular fluid to the blood
- C. It forms the initial filtrate from plasma in the glomerulus
- D. It moves urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder
Explanation: Tubular reabsorption returns water and needed substances such as glucose, amino acids and selected electrolytes from tubular fluid to the…
Correct answer: It returns useful substances from tubular fluid to the blood