All Free International Relations MCQs with Answers

• A. Public goods are those in which unrestrained market competition is not effective (i.e. hospitals). Public bads are the result unrestrained market competition (i.e. pollution)
• B. Public goods are those goods that are free for the public. Public bads are those that are extremely expensive
• C. Public goods are positive intangible sentiments widespread in the public (i.e. happiness, pride, nationalism). Public bads are negative attributes that are widespread in the public (i.e. violence, crime)
• D. All of the above

Explanation: Public goods are benefits that markets may undersupply because people cannot easily be excluded from them, while public bads impose…

• A. It is a situation in which rules are not being followed
• B. It is a system in which there are no norms or rules
• C. Anarchy
• D. Both b and c

Explanation: Anomie means a condition of normlessness in which shared rules and standards lose their force.

• A. Power does not come into play when a state enters an international regime
• B. Power can be used by a hegemon to pressure other states to collaborate and conform to a regime
• C. In the absence of hegemonic power, states can establish and maintain regimes through reciprocity
• D. b and c

Explanation: Neo-liberals accept that a hegemon may use power to encourage cooperation, but they also argue that regimes can be created and maintained…

• A. States have to submit their power every time a regime is formed
• B. Only powerful actors can form regimes, powerless actors must submit to them
• C. Realists do not accept that regimes can actually be formed
• D. Power is used to form regimes if such regime promotes the power-holder's long-term interests

Explanation: Realists do not deny that regimes can form; they see them as instruments that powerful states support when they serve those states'…

• A. Lack of initiative from states
• B. Slow economic growth
• C. The anarchy structure of the international system, competition among actors, lack of reciprocity, and focus on relative power
• D. a and b

Explanation: Regime formation is hindered by the anarchic international system, competition for advantage, uncertainty about reciprocity, and concern…

• A. A hegemon
• B. The shadow of the future
• C. An information-rich environment
• D. All of the aboveGet Study Guides

Explanation: A hegemon can enforce or facilitate cooperation, while repeated interaction creates a shadow of the future and better information reduces…

• A. rarely gain legitimacy in the absence of a world government
• B. can become institutionalized through international organizations
• C. were established after World War II by the United Nations
• D. create common ideas and cultural attitudes across countriesConsult Local Attorneys

Explanation: International norms can gain durability when organizations incorporate them into rules, procedures, and institutions.

• A. Total integration
• B. Mutual integration
• C. Spillover
• D. Supranationalism

Explanation: Spillover is the neofunctionalist idea that economic cooperation creates pressures for further political integration.

• A. has never seen even partial success
• B. has been fully and successfully realized in the form of the European Union
• C. has never been attempted on a national level; it has only been tried on an international level
• D. has never gone beyond a partial and uneasy sharing of power between state and supranational levels

Explanation: Integration has produced shared institutions, but states have generally retained substantial sovereignty and have repeatedly contested the…

• A. The liberal position on rights maintains that life liberal and property are rights that are inalienable and unconditional. The only acceptable reason for constraining one individual is to protect the rights of another
• B. The liberal position on rights privileges freedoms over rights
• C. The liberal position on rights says that the primary function of government is to protect the rights to life, liberty and property
• D. a and c

Explanation: Liberalism treats life, liberty and property as basic rights, and sees government mainly as their protector.

• A. States, NGO's, IGO's
• B. Constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions, and regimes
• C. Local, national and international
• D. None of above

Explanation: Modern international society can be analysed through constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions and regimes.

• A. Cosmopolitanism
• B. Realism
• C. Pluralism
• D. All of the options given are correct

Explanation: Cosmopolitanism, realism, and pluralism each offer distinct perspectives on ethical questions in international relations, including…

• A. Cosmopolitanism
• B. Pluralism
• C. Realism
• D. Pluralism and realism

Explanation: Nussbaum's appeal to recognize humanity wherever it occurs expresses cosmopolitanism, which treats all human beings as members of a shared…

• A. Is found in the writing of Immanuel Kant
• B. Suggests that for a rational being to act morally, it must act according to universal laws
• C. Is a core element of realist ethics
• D. Is found in the writing of Immanuel Kant and suggests that for a rational being to act morally, it must act according to universal laws

Explanation: Kant's categorical imperative says moral action must follow principles that could consistently become universal laws.

• A. Deontological and consequentialist ethics
• B. Kantianism and utilitarianism
• C. Rawls' conceptions of justice
• D. All of the options given are correct

Explanation: Ethics theory in international relations draws on deontology and consequentialism, represented especially by Kantianism and…

• A. Negates the idea of a universal human community
• B. Has led to a more widespread acceptance of cosmopolitan for ethics
• C. Makes no difference for ethicals and debates
• D. a and c

Explanation: Globalization intensifies cross-border interdependence and awareness of shared human interests, which has encouraged cosmopolitan ethics.

• A. Rawls
• B. Pogge
• C. Beitz
• D. Moellendorf

Explanation: Thomas Pogge argues that global institutions and the conduct of wealthy states help causally reproduce severe poverty, rather than poverty…

• A. they reject competition bias inherent in the theory
• B. standard structural realism is flowed due to its emphasis on relative gains
• C. there is no emphasis on cheating
• D. a and b

Explanation: Contingent realists argue that structural realism overstates the inevitability of competition and gives excessive weight to relative…

• A. They place importance on internal norms and institutions
• B. They challenge realist occupation with balance of power
• C. They believe that war is a function of a state being liberal or not
• D. All of the above

Explanation: Democratic peace theory shifts attention from the external balance of power to domestic institutions, liberal norms and regime type…

• A. It occurs when a group of states cooperate to manage their disputes and avoid war
• B. It is group of people which become integrated and within a territory develop a sense of community
• C. It involves a group of states whose primary security concern link together closely enough that their national securities are interdependent
• D. All of the above

Explanation: A security community exists when states become so integrated and mutually trusting that disputes are managed without war.