The sum of which of the following forms of energies, possessed by the atoms and molecules of a system, describes its internal energy?I. RotationalII. VibrationalIII. Translational
Correct answer: A. I, II and III
- A. I, II and III
- B. I and II only
- C. I and III only
- D. II and III only
Explanation
The internal energy of a system is the total energy contained within, including kinetic and potential energies associated with the motion and interactions of its atoms and molecules. It is composed of:Rotational energy: Energy from the rotation of molecules around their centers of mass.Vibrational energy: Energy from the oscillatory motion of atoms within a molecule.Translational energy: Energy from the linear motion of atoms or molecules through space.The correct answer is I, II, and III because they all contribute to the internal energy. Options excluding any of these forms are incorrect because they omit significant components of internal energy.
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About First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law relates heat supplied, work done and the change in internal energy through energy conservation. Problems use sign conventions and apply the law to isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isochoric processes. Internal energy is a state function, while heat and work depend on the path followed.
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