P-type materials are obtained by adding germanium with:
Correct answer: B. Trivalent impurity atoms
- A. Tetravalent impurity atoms
- B. Trivalent impurity atoms
- C. Pentavalent impurity atoms
- D. None of these
Explanation
P-type materials are obtained by doping intrinsic (pure) germanium with a trivalent impurity. Common trivalent dopants for germanium include elements such as boron (B), aluminum (Al), or indium (In). These elements have three valence electrons, one fewer than germanium's four valence electrons.When these trivalent dopants are introduced into the germanium crystal lattice, they create "holes" or vacancies in the structure where an electron could exist but isn't present. These holes act as positive (p-type) charge carriers in the material, contributing to its enhanced conductivity.
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A p-n junction forms when p-type and n-type semiconductor regions meet, creating a depletion layer, barrier potential and rectifying action. The work covers forward and reverse bias, junction current, diode characteristics, and how a diode converts alternating current into pulsating direct current through half-wave and full-wave rectification.
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