In England, a patient is asked to sign consent for a lumbar puncture. The patient says the clinician explained the purpose but did not discuss important possible complications or alternatives. What should the nurse do?

In England and Wales, a patient lacks capacity for a specific treatment decision. The nurse is completing the capacity assessment record. Which documentation is most appropriate?

In England and Wales, an adult with schizophrenia needs to decide whether to accept a prescribed treatment. The patient understands, retains and weighs the relevant information and communicates a choice. What should the nurse conclude?

In England and Wales, a patient consents to an examination by the registered nurse but does not want a student present. What should the nurse do?

In England, an adult with capacity agrees to surgery while a relative repeatedly says, “You must do this.” What should the nurse do before accepting the consent?

In England, a 14-year-old who is assessed as Gillick competent asks for confidential sexual health advice. The young person understands the advice and there is no indication of abuse or serious harm. What should the nurse do?

In England, an 8-year-old does not understand a proposed routine operation. A parent with parental responsibility gives consent after receiving appropriate information. Which principle applies?