In England, a 14-year-old who is assessed as Gillick competent asks for confidential sexual health advice. The young person understands the advice and there is no indication of abuse or serious harm. What should the nurse do?

In England, an adult with capacity agrees to surgery while a relative repeatedly says, “You must do this.” What should the nurse do before accepting the consent?

In England, a patient is asked to sign consent for a lumbar puncture. The patient says the clinician explained the purpose but did not discuss important possible complications or alternatives. What should the nurse do?

In England and Wales, a patient lacks capacity for a specific treatment decision. The nurse is completing the capacity assessment record. Which documentation is most appropriate?

In England, an 8-year-old does not understand a proposed routine operation. A parent with parental responsibility gives consent after receiving appropriate information. Which principle applies?

In England, a 16-year-old understands the purpose, risks and alternatives of a proposed operation and wishes to proceed. What is the most appropriate action?

In England, a 17-year-old with capacity refuses a non-emergency operation after receiving clear information. The parents demand that staff proceed. What should the nurse do?