Ali Abd al-Raziq's argument in Islam and the Foundations of Governance challenges the view that:
Correct answer: B. A religiously mandatory caliphate is required by Islam
- A. Muslims may use reason in political matters
- B. A religiously mandatory caliphate is required by Islam
- C. Justice is relevant to political administration
- D. Historical governments can be studied critically
Explanation
Ali Abd al-Raziq argued that the caliphate is not an obligatory religious institution established by Islam, but a human and historical form of government. His argument became central to modern debates about religion and the state.
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About Muslim Political Thought
Muslim political thought explores Islamic ideas about governance, authority, justice, consultation, leadership, law and the relationship between religion and the state. It examines the political arguments of Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Muhammad Iqbal and other thinkers, distinguishing classical theories of the caliphate from modern debates about the Islamic state.
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