Free Forest Ecology MCQs with Answers

• A. Horizons A2 and B
• B. Horizon B only
• C. Horizon A1
• D. Horizons B and C

Explanation: The A1 horizon is the surface mineral horizon enriched with humus and therefore contains more organic matter than the eluvial A2 or the…

• A. Oxides of Ca and Na
• B. Oxides of Ca and K
• C. Nitrates of Fe and Al
• D. Aluminosilicates of Na, K and Ca

Explanation: Common rock-forming silicate minerals are aluminosilicates containing sodium, potassium and calcium, such as feldspars.

• A. Mivart
• B. Elton
• C. Reiter
• D. Misra

Explanation: Mivart proposed the term hexicology for the study of the relations between organisms and their surroundings.

• A. Carbonation and oxidation
• B. All of these
• C. Hydrolysis and reduction
• D. Hydrolysis and chelation

Explanation: Chemical weathering includes carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction and chelation, all of which alter minerals through chemical…

• A. Ecad
• B. Ecotone
• C. Ecotype
• D. Biome

Explanation: An ecotype is a genetically distinct population adapted to a particular environment while remaining interfertile with other populations of…

• A. Acids
• B. Alkalies
• C. Oxygen
• D. Carbon dioxide

Explanation: Biological weathering is commonly caused by organic acids released by roots, microbes and decomposing organisms, which dissolve or weaken…

• A. Statistics
• B. Embryology
• C. Radiation
• D. All of these

Explanation: Ecology uses statistics to analyse populations and radiation studies to examine energy and environmental effects, but embryology is not a…

• A. Residual
• B. Colluvial
• C. Alluvial
• D. Eolian

Explanation: Alluvial soils are deposited by running or standing water, especially rivers and floods.

• A. Atmosphere
• B. Snow
• C. Gravitational water
• D. Water

Explanation: The hydrologic factor means water and includes its availability, movement and distribution in the environment.

• A. Atmosphere and lithosphere
• B. Lithosphere and biosphere
• C. Atmosphere and hydrosphere
• D. All of these

Explanation: Soil forms the transition zone between the atmosphere above and the lithosphere beneath, making option a the standard description.

• A. Horizon-A
• B. Horizon-B
• C. Horizon-O
• D. Horizon-C

Explanation: The B horizon is the illuvial horizon because materials such as clay, iron and aluminium leached from upper layers accumulate there.

• A. Hypotrophic
• B. Eutrophic
• C. Oligotrophic
• D. Heterotrophic

Explanation: Oligotrophic soils contain a low or sub-optimum concentration of available nutrients.

• A. Pedogenesis
• B. Gleization
• C. Laterization
• D. Weathering

Explanation: Weathering breaks the parent rock into mineral particles and releases materials needed for soil development, so it initiates soil…

• A. Aerial
• B. Eolian
• C. Residual
• D. Colluvial

Explanation: Soils transported and deposited by wind are called aeolian or eolian soils.

• A. Laterization
• B. Mineralization
• C. Gleization
• D. Podsolization

Explanation: Gleization occurs in waterlogged, poorly drained soil, where reducing conditions convert iron into ferrous compounds and produce a…

• A. Coarse sand
• B. Silt
• C. Clay
• D. Fine sand

Explanation: A particle of 0.03 mm falls within the fine-sand range in the classification used by this question.

• A. Peds
• B. Clods
• C. Blocks
• D. Plates

Explanation: Peds are naturally formed, persistent aggregates produced by soil structure-forming processes.

• A. Gravitational water
• B. Run off water
• C. Capillary water
• D. Water vapour

Explanation: “Chesard” is presumably a misspelling of chresard, the capillary or plant-available fraction of soil water.

• A. Marsilea
• B. Utricularia
• C. Monochoria
• D. Vallisneria

Explanation: Vallisneria is rooted in the bottom while its leaves remain submerged, making it a rooted submerged hydrophyte.

• A. Ceratophyllum
• B. Trapa
• C. Potamogeton
• D. Tpha

Explanation: Ceratophyllum is a submerged plant that commonly remains free-floating without roots anchored in the soil.