Which of the following orbitals has maximum penetration effect?
Correct answer: A. S
- A. S
- B. P
- C. d
- D. f
Explanation
An s orbital has the greatest penetration because its electron-density distribution allows it to approach the nucleus most closely. For orbitals in the same principal shell, penetration follows s > p > d > f, so option a is correct. Students may choose d or f because they associate more complex orbitals with stronger attraction, but their electrons are more shielded and penetrate less toward the nucleus.
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About Shapes of Orbitals
Atomic orbitals are three-dimensional regions where an electron is most likely to be found, not fixed circular paths. The content covers the spherical s orbitals, dumbbell-shaped p orbitals, clover-shaped d orbitals, the orientations of orbitals, and how quantum numbers determine their shapes and energy levels.
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