Moderate

Which of the following is true of theories that center on the individual level of analysis?

Correct answer: B. There are two major theories and neither holds up very well in reality

  • A. They explain wars in terms of power relations among major actors in the international system
  • B. There are two major theories and neither holds up very well in reality
  • C. One theory at the individual level, consistent with realism, holds that the use of war and other violent means of leverage in international conflicts is abnormal and reflects the irrational decisions of national leaders
  • D. The two major theories in this arena are based on the assumptions of realism

Explanation

Individual-level explanations commonly examine leaders’ personalities and psychological factors, and textbooks often identify two major approaches whose predictive strength is limited. Option c reverses the realist position, since realism generally treats conflict as a recurring feature of international politics rather than an abnormal result of irrational leaders.

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