The nitration of benzene is carried out using
Correct answer: B. a mixture of concentrated nitric and concentrated sulphuric acids at about 50 to 60 degrees Celsius
- A. dilute nitric acid alone at room temperature
- B. a mixture of concentrated nitric and concentrated sulphuric acids at about 50 to 60 degrees Celsius
- C. sodium nitrate solution
- D. nitrogen dioxide gas in sunlight
Explanation
Sulphuric acid protonates nitric acid so that it loses water and generates the nitronium ion, which is the actual electrophile attacking the ring. The temperature is kept near 55 degrees because higher temperatures give unwanted dinitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene is important industrially as the starting point for aniline and hence for dyes.
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About Benzene and Aromatic Compounds
Benzene has a planar ring of delocalised π electrons, giving aromatic stability and equal carbon-carbon bond lengths. The topic covers resonance, electrophilic substitution reactions such as nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reactions, along with substituent effects and the distinction between substitution in benzene and addition in ordinary alkenes.
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