Permanent hardness of water can be removed by adding __________?
Correct answer: B. Washing soda
- A. Chlorine
- B. Washing soda
- C. Bleaching powder
- D. None of these
Explanation
Washing soda, sodium carbonate, removes permanent hardness by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions as insoluble carbonates. Boiling removes temporary hardness, but not the sulphates and chlorides responsible for permanent hardness.
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Chemical principles appear in acids, bases, salts, solutions, oxidation, combustion, corrosion and neutralisation, along with the composition and uses of common substances. Coverage includes soaps and detergents, fertilizers, medicines, food preservatives, polymers, fuels and water treatment, while distinguishing physical changes from chemical reactions.
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