In Carnot cycle, at the end of the cyclic path, the final temperature of the working substance will beI. higher than the initial temperatureII. lower than the initial temperatureIII equal to the initial temperature

Correct answer: D. I or III.

  • A. I only.
  • B. III only.
  • C. II or III.
  • D. I or III.

Explanation

In a Carnot cycle, the working substance undergoes a series of processes that eventually return it to its initial state, which implies the final temperature can be equal to the initial temperature. However, if the cycle is not perfectly reversible or if there are external influences, the final temperature could be higher. Therefore, the correct answer is 'I or III'. Option 'I only' is incorrect because it excludes the possibility of the temperatures being the same. Option 'III only' is incorrect for excluding the possibility of a higher final temperature. Option 'II or III' is incorrect because the final temperature cannot be lower for a completed cycle.

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The first law relates heat supplied, work done and the change in internal energy through energy conservation. Problems use sign conventions and apply the law to isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isochoric processes. Internal energy is a state function, while heat and work depend on the path followed.

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