If it rains, the match is cancelled. The match was not cancelled. Which conclusion follows?

  • A. It rained
  • B. It did not rain
  • C. The match was postponed
  • D. Nothing can be concluded

Explanation

Denying the consequence of a conditional lets you deny its antecedent, which is the valid form known as modus tollens. Had the match been cancelled, nothing would follow, since it might have been cancelled for another reason. Recognising which direction is valid is the whole point of these questions.

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