All pens are pencils. All pencils are erasers. Which conclusion follows?
Correct answer: B. All pens are erasers
- A. All erasers are pens
- B. All pens are erasers
- C. Some erasers are not pencils
- D. No pen is an eraser
Explanation
The two statements chain together, so everything in the pen category is inside pencils and therefore inside erasers. Reversing the chain to say all erasers are pens is invalid, since the outer category may contain much more. Drawing three nested circles settles the question immediately.
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About Logical Deductions
Logical deductions require conclusions to be drawn from stated facts, conditions and relationships without adding outside information. The work includes handling all, some and none statements, necessary and sufficient conditions, ordering restrictions, true or false conclusions, and the difference between what must be true and what could be true.
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