All Free Law and Constitution MCQs with Answers

• A. Human participation in eternal law
• B. Commands issued by the sovereign
• C. Customs accepted by the community
• D. Rules enforced by judicial precedent

Explanation: Aquinas describes natural law as the rational participation of human beings in eternal law.

• A. Secret and unpublished legal rules
• B. Rules stated in general and public terms
• C. Judicial orders made without legal rules
• D. Laws based only on personal morality

Explanation: Fuller argues that a legal system must satisfy procedural principles such as publicity, clarity and generality.

• A. Principles apply only in criminal cases
• B. Rules have no effect in judicial decisions
• C. Principles have weight and may compete
• D. Rules are always based on morality

Explanation: For Dworkin, principles possess weight and may be balanced against competing principles.

• A. They impose criminal penalties directly
• B. They regulate moral conduct outside law
• C. They identify, change and apply primary rules
• D. They replace all duties with legal rights

Explanation: Secondary rules are rules about rules. They provide methods for recognizing valid law, changing legal rules and deciding disputes, while…

• A. Because it is morally approved
• B. Because a higher norm authorizes it
• C. Because citizens commonly obey it
• D. Because judges personally prefer it

Explanation: Kelsen explains legal validity through a hierarchy in which a lower norm derives its authority from a higher norm.

• A. A recent practice followed by one official
• B. A secret practice accepted by a small group
• C. A long and consistent practice accepted as obligatory
• D. A practice followed only during emergencies

Explanation: Legal custom normally requires continuous and consistent observance together with acceptance that the practice is obligatory.

• A. The binding legal rule necessary for the result
• B. A factual admission made by a litigant
• C. A statement not essential to deciding the case
• D. A statute cited but rejected by the court

Explanation: Obiter dictum is a judicial observation that is not necessary for the decision.

• A. Liability
• B. Immunity
• C. Privilege
• D. Duty

Explanation: A legal power is the ability to alter a legal relationship, such as by making a contract or transferring property.

• A. Equal distribution of national income
• B. Rectification of a wrongful loss or gain
• C. Promotion of the greatest social pleasure
• D. Recognition of customary political authority

Explanation: Corrective justice addresses a specific wrong between parties by restoring the balance disturbed by wrongful loss or benefit.

• A. The physical power held by the largest group
• B. The ultimate law-making authority recognized by law
• C. The moral influence of religious institutions
• D. The popularity of a government among citizens

Explanation: Legal sovereignty concerns the authority regarded by the legal system as competent to make or alter law.

• A. The greatest happiness of the greatest number
• B. The supremacy of inherited legal customs
• C. The command of an absolute sovereign
• D. The separation of law from social interests

Explanation: Bentham evaluates laws by their usefulness in promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

• A. Law is studied in relation to society and its social effects
• B. Law consists only of commands issued by a sovereign
• C. Law is valid only when it reflects eternal moral principles
• D. Law develops exclusively through judicial decisions

Explanation: The sociological school examines how law operates within society and how social conditions influence legal rules.

• A. Legal validity and moral merit are conceptually distinct
• B. Every valid law must satisfy a universal moral standard
• C. Judges must always decide cases according to morality
• D. Custom has greater authority than enacted legislation

Explanation: The separation thesis holds that whether a rule is legally valid is a different question from whether it is morally good.

• A. They give the words their ordinary meaning
• B. They replace the words with the court's preferred policy
• C. They apply the meaning that produces the fairest result
• D. They disregard the text and rely only on legislative history

Explanation: The literal rule directs the court to apply the ordinary grammatical meaning of clear statutory language.

• A. To avoid an absurd or unreasonable result from literal wording
• B. To give every statute a strictly religious meaning
• C. To treat legislative history as conclusive evidence
• D. To ensure that courts never depart from dictionary meanings

Explanation: The golden rule begins with the ordinary meaning of statutory language but permits a limited departure where that meaning creates…

• A. The unavoidable uncertainty of some legal language at its margins
• B. The absence of any recognised sources of law
• C. The complete freedom of judges to ignore legal rules
• D. The requirement that all laws be publicly debated

Explanation: Legal language has a settled core but uncertain borderline cases because facts and language cannot be predicted completely.

• A. Substantive law defines rights, while procedural law provides methods for enforcing them
• B. Substantive law concerns courts, while procedural law concerns only Parliament
• C. Substantive law applies to civil cases, while procedural law applies only to crimes
• D. Substantive law is customary, while procedural law is always statutory

Explanation: Substantive law establishes legal rights, duties, offences and liabilities.

• A. Imposing a proportionate response to wrongdoing
• B. Distributing public resources equally among citizens
• C. Compensating every person for accidental loss
• D. Promoting economic growth through legal reform

Explanation: Retributive justice focuses on responding to wrongdoing in a manner proportionate to the offender's blame or the seriousness of the…

• A. A consequence attached to breach of a legal rule
• B. A moral opinion about the fairness of a rule
• C. A custom followed without any legal recognition
• D. A court's personal preference between competing policies

Explanation: A legal sanction is the consequence that the legal system attaches to non-compliance, such as a penalty, coercive order or other remedy.

• A. A judge chooses between legally permissible outcomes in an uncertain case
• B. A judge may decide every case without reference to legal rules
• C. A judge must apply the same remedy regardless of the facts
• D. A judge can invalidate any statute considered politically unpopular

Explanation: Judicial discretion operates where legal rules leave a range of permissible choices or where their application is uncertain.