All Free Forestry MCQs with Answers

• A. Always changing
• B. Unpredictable
• C. Hephazard
• D. Predictable

Explanation: Succession generally follows a directional and broadly predictable progression from pioneer communities toward a more stable climax or…

• A. Drought
• B. Erosion
• C. Deposition
• D. Micro-organisms

Explanation: Drought is a climatic disturbance that can remove vegetation or create stressful bare conditions, initiating succession.

• A. Induced
• B. Autogenic
• C. Allogenic
• D. Deflated

Explanation: Autogenic succession occurs when the existing community modifies conditions such as soil, moisture, light, or nutrients, allowing its…

• A. Reaction
• B. Competition
• C. Coaction
• D. Ecesis

Explanation: Coaction is the general effect of organisms of the same species on one another, including competition and cooperation.

• A. Reaction
• B. Nudation
• C. Invasion
• D. Ecesis

Explanation: Reaction is the stage in which the developing community changes its environment, eventually producing conditions suitable for the climax…

• A. Najas
• B. Diatoms
• C. Zanichellia
• D. Lemna

Explanation: Diatoms are microscopic algae that commonly colonize open water first and form the pioneer community of a hydrosere.

• A. Phytoplanktons
• B. Reed-swamps
• C. Floating plants
• D. Sedges

Explanation: In a hydrosere, submerged plants are followed by floating plants as sediment accumulation and changing light conditions make the surface…

• A. Non-pathogenic microbes
• B. Human beings
• C. Pathogenic microbes
• D. Grazing animals

Explanation: Non-pathogenic microbes are generally not listed as a direct disruptive biotic factor in the standard succession sequence, whereas…

• A. Eleocharis, Fimbristylis
• B. Salix, Populus
• C. Ranunculus, Polygonum
• D. Acer, Ulmus

Explanation: The woodland stage of a hydrosere commonly supports moisture-loving trees such as Salix and Populus.

• A. Hypnuma
• B. Lecanora
• C. Parmelia
• D. Barbula

Explanation: Lecanora is a crustose lichen and a typical pioneer of a lithosere, colonising bare rock and beginning soil formation.

• A. Pond freshly filled with water after a dry phase
• B. Freshly cleared crop fields
• C. Newly exposed habitat with no record of earlier vegetation
• D. Forest clearing after devastating free

Explanation: Primary succession begins on a newly exposed substrate where no earlier vegetation or developed soil exists, such as bare rock or newly…

• A. Ecological succession trend
• B. Genetic drift
• C. A food pyramid
• D. A phylogenetic trend

Explanation: This is a sequence of ecological succession, in which pioneer organisms such as algae and lichens are gradually replaced by mosses, shrubs…

• A. Greenlands
• B. Tropical rain forest
• C. Deciduous forests
• D. Savannahas

Explanation: Tropical rain forests have the greatest density and diversity of organisms because warm temperatures, abundant rainfall and year-round…

• A. Seral community
• B. Biotic community
• C. Pioneer community
• D. Ecosere

Explanation: The first community to establish in a previously unoccupied or disturbed habitat is the pioneer community.

• A. Blue-green algae
• B. Mosses
• C. Lichens
• D. Viruses

Explanation: Viruses are not generally primary colonisers because they depend on living host cells for replication.

• A. Biotic succession
• B. Physiographic succession
• C. Climatic succession
• D. Geographic succession

Explanation: Biotic succession is the progressive replacement of one biological community by another at the same site.

• A. Water factor
• B. Temperature
• C. Climate
• D. Soil fertility

Explanation: In the climatic-climax concept, the regional climate determines the broad nature of the climax community, while water, temperature and…

• A. Increases, then decreases
• B. Remains constant
• C. Decreases continuously
• D. Increases continuously

Explanation: As succession proceeds, plant populations become larger and structurally more complex, so the standing biomass generally rises toward the…

• A. Polygonum
• B. Casuarina
• C. Wolffia
• D. None of these

Explanation: Polygonum includes amphibious species that can grow in both aquatic and terrestrial conditions.

• A. Ecotone
• B. Climax stage
• C. Seral community
• D. Ecotype

Explanation: Succession ends in a climax stage, the relatively stable community suited to the prevailing environmental conditions.