Which of them does not depend on direction of I.

Explanation

The question asks which effect of electric current does not depend on the direction of current (I). The heating effect is the correct answer because it is governed by Joule's law of heating, which states that the heat produced in a resistor is proportional to the square of the current, the resistance, and the time for which the current flows. This means the heating effect is the same regardless of current direction.In contrast, the chemical effect (such as electrolysis) depends on the direction, as the movement and deposition of ions are directed by current flow. Similarly, the magnetic effect also depends on the current direction, as it determines the orientation of the magnetic field produced around the conductor.