Which mechanism most directly causes edema in congestive heart failure?
Correct answer: D. Increased hydrostatic pressure
- A. Lymphatic obstruction only
- B. Reduced vascular permeability
- C. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
- D. Increased hydrostatic pressure
Explanation
Failure of the heart raises venous and capillary hydrostatic pressure, forcing more fluid into the interstitial space. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure and lymphatic obstruction can also cause edema, but they are not the primary mechanism in this case.
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