Which has the minimum freezing point ?
Correct answer: C. One molal CaCI2
- A. One Molal NaCI
- B. One molal KCI solution
- C. One molal CaCI2
- D. One molal urea solution
Explanation
Freezing-point depression is proportional to the number of dissolved particles, ΔTf = iKf m. For equal 1 molal solutions, CaCl2 gives approximately three ions per formula unit, so it has the greatest particle concentration and the lowest freezing point. Students may choose urea because it is a solute, but urea does not ionize and has i = 1.
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Liquid behavior depends on intermolecular forces, which produce surface tension, viscosity, capillary action and a definite volume without a fixed shape. The topic also covers vapor pressure, evaporation, boiling point and the effect of temperature and external pressure, while distinguishing evaporation at the surface from boiling throughout the liquid.
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