The process by which various components of cells including its organelle can be isolated is called:

Explanation

Option A: Homogenization is a process used in cell fractionation where cells are broken open to release their contents. It involves methods like mechanical disruption, sonication, or enzymatic digestion. Homogenization helps in breaking down the cell structure to release cellular components for further separation and analysis. Option B: Cell fractionation describes the process which is used to to separate individual cell components while maintaining the individual functions of each component. This enables each of the components or organelles to be isolated separately and examined. It involves homogenization first so that the organelles are released from the cells, and the organelles are separated via centrifugation. Hence, this term covers the entire process involved in isolating organelles, so it is the correct answer. Option C: Cell fixation is the preservation of cells or tissues using chemical agents. It involves treating cells with fixatives to immobilize their structures and preserve their components. Fixation helps maintain cellular morphology and prevents degradation or changes in cellular components during subsequent processing steps. Option D: Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, based on their size and charge. The molecules are placed in a gel matrix and subjected to an electric field. They migrate through the gel at different rates based on their size and charge, allowing for their separation. Option E: Ultracentrifugation is a high-speed centrifugation method used to separate particles based on their density or size. Samples are spun at very high speeds using ultracentrifuges, generating high centrifugal forces. This causes particles to sediment based on their density or size gradients. Ultracentrifugation is commonly used in cell fractionation to separate cellular components, like organelles, based on their density. This is a step involved in the whole cell fractionation process, so option B is the preferred answer over this.