_____________ surfactants perform well over a wide range water hardness and PH?
Correct answer: C. Nonionic
- A. Anionic
- B. Cationic
- C. Nonionic
- D. Neutral
Explanation
Nonionic surfactants do not carry charged head groups, so their performance is much less affected by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in hard water. They therefore work over a broad range of water hardness and pH. The likely distractor is option a, anionic surfactants, because they clean well but can form insoluble salts with hardness ions and are more pH-sensitive.
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About Properties of Liquids
Liquid behavior depends on intermolecular forces, which produce surface tension, viscosity, capillary action and a definite volume without a fixed shape. The topic also covers vapor pressure, evaporation, boiling point and the effect of temperature and external pressure, while distinguishing evaporation at the surface from boiling throughout the liquid.
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