Pumping of water uphill is_______________?
Correct answer: B. non-spontaneous process
- A. spontaneous process
- B. non-spontaneous process
- C. irreversible process
- D. reversible process
Explanation
Water does not move uphill by itself because increasing gravitational potential energy requires energy supplied from outside, so pumping is a non-spontaneous process. Students may choose irreversible because a pump usually involves losses, but non-spontaneous refers to the need for external energy, whereas irreversibility concerns whether the process can be exactly reversed.
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About System, Surroundings and State Functions
A system is the part of the universe under study, while everything outside it is the surroundings; the boundary separates them. State functions such as pressure, temperature, volume, internal energy and enthalpy depend only on the state, unlike heat and work, which depend on the path taken.
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