Paul Ekman,the leading researcher on the nature of facial expressions, believes that all of the following are universal expressions of emotion EXCEPT
Correct answer: A. Hopefulness
- A. Hopefulness
- B. Surprise
- C. Happiness
- D. Contempt
Explanation
Ekman identified happiness, surprise, and contempt among facial expressions with cross-cultural evidence of universality; hopefulness is not one of the standard universal basic expressions. Hope is a positive expectation, not a universally recognized basic facial-emotion category.
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