In a study, the exposure is strongly associated with disease among men but not among women. The investigator reports separate results for each sex instead of one combined result. What epidemiological issue is being addressed?
Correct answer: A. Effect modification
- A. Effect modification
- B. Random error
- C. Selection bias
- D. Recall bias
Explanation
Effect modification occurs when the strength or direction of an association differs across levels of another variable, such as sex. Separate results are reported because one overall estimate could hide these important differences.
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About Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Epidemiology examines the distribution and causes of disease by person, place and time, using measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality and case-fatality rates. Biostatistics covers data presentation, sampling, averages, variability, probability and interpretation of study results, while distinguishing association from causation.
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