In a catchment, infiltration-excess surface runoff occurs when:
Correct answer: C. Rainfall intensity exceeds the soil's infiltration capacity
- A. Evaporation exceeds precipitation for a season
- B. Groundwater level falls below the stream bed
- C. Rainfall intensity exceeds the soil's infiltration capacity
- D. The soil absorbs all rainfall without storage
Explanation
When rainfall intensity is greater than the rate at which soil can absorb water, the excess flows over the surface. This process is also called Hortonian runoff and differs from runoff caused by a saturated soil profile.
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Hydraulics studies fluid properties, pressure, buoyancy, continuity, Bernoulli's equation, momentum, pipe flow, open-channel flow and hydraulic machines. Water resources extends these principles to pumps, turbines, reservoirs, irrigation, floods and hydrology, while distinguishing laminar from turbulent flow and uniform from gradually varied channel flow.
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