Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in the chloroplasts and mitochondria is based on:
Correct answer: D. Proton gradient
- A. Membrane potential
- B. Accumulation of Na ions
- C. Accumulation of K ions
- D. Proton gradient
Explanation
The chemiosmotic theory, proposed by Peter Mitchell, suggests that a proton gradient across the membrane is used to generate ATP. This gradient is created by the accumulation of hydrogen ions (protons) on one side of the membrane, driving ATP synthesis as protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase.
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Animal, plant, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared through their membranes, cell walls, nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles. The work includes the structures and functions of mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, as well as chromosome organization and the distinction between chromatin and chromosomes.
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