A study reports that children who sleep fewer hours have more respiratory infections. Which finding would provide the strongest evidence that the association is not explained by a third variable?
Correct answer: B. The association remains after controlling for age and household crowding
- A. The study has a large sample size
- B. The association remains after controlling for age and household crowding
- C. The participants come from one hospital
- D. The infection diagnosis is based on symptoms alone
Explanation
Controlling for potential confounding variables, such as age and household crowding, helps determine whether the observed association persists independently. A large sample improves precision but does not by itself remove confounding.
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About Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Epidemiology examines the distribution and causes of disease by person, place and time, using measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality and case-fatality rates. Biostatistics covers data presentation, sampling, averages, variability, probability and interpretation of study results, while distinguishing association from causation.
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