A study compares pain scores between patients who receive a new analgesic and patients who receive standard treatment. The new analgesic group is also younger and has fewer postoperative complications. Which factor may confound the findings?
Correct answer: A. Age and complication differences
- A. Age and complication differences
- B. The use of a pain score
- C. The name of the analgesic
- D. The order of the reference list
Explanation
A confounding factor is related to both the group assignment and the outcome and can offer an alternative explanation for the result. Differences in age and complications may affect pain scores independently of the analgesic.
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Nursing research covers problem identification, literature review, research questions, hypotheses, variables, quantitative and qualitative approaches, study designs, sampling and data collection. It also addresses validity, reliability, research ethics, data interpretation and evidence-based practice, including how research findings can guide nursing decisions and care.
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