A researcher wants to determine whether a new health education programme reduces childhood diarrhoea. Villages are randomly assigned to receive the programme or usual care. Which feature gives the strongest support for a causal conclusion?
Correct answer: A. Random allocation to groups
- A. Random allocation to groups
- B. Collection of data in one month
- C. Use of a large questionnaire
- D. Selection of a rural setting
Explanation
Random allocation helps balance known and unknown confounding factors between groups, strengthening the evidence that the intervention caused the outcome difference. A questionnaire, rural setting, or short study period does not by itself establish causation.
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About Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Epidemiology examines the distribution and causes of disease by person, place and time, using measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality and case-fatality rates. Biostatistics covers data presentation, sampling, averages, variability, probability and interpretation of study results, while distinguishing association from causation.
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