A cohort study observes that families using contaminated water develop diarrhoea more often. Which observation is essential for assessing whether the exposure could have caused the disease?
Correct answer: A. The exposure occurred before illness
- A. The exposure occurred before illness
- B. The families live in one district
- C. The illness was recorded by nurses
- D. The participants had similar ages
Explanation
Temporality requires the suspected cause to occur before the outcome, and it is essential for a causal interpretation. Similar age or accurate recording may reduce bias, but neither establishes the time sequence.
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About Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Epidemiology examines the distribution and causes of disease by person, place and time, using measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality and case-fatality rates. Biostatistics covers data presentation, sampling, averages, variability, probability and interpretation of study results, while distinguishing association from causation.
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