A precipitate is formed when
Correct answer: D. the ionic product exceeds the solubility product
- A. the solution becomes saturated
- B. the ionic product is nearly equal to the solubility product
- C. the ionic product is less than the solubility product
- D. the ionic product exceeds the solubility product
Explanation
When the ionic product exceeds the solubility product (Ksp) for a given solute in a solution, a precipitation reaction occurs. Precipitation is the process by which a solid compound forms and separates from a solution. The ionic product is a measure of the actual concentrations of the dissolved ions in a solution. It is calculated by multiplying the concentrations of the ions in the solution, as determined by their respective coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. If the ionic product exceeds the solubility product, it means that the concentrations of the ions in the solution are higher than what is required to maintain the solute in a dissolved state according to the solubility product constant. As a result, the excess ions begin to combine to form a solid precipitate. The precipitation reaction is driven by the removal of excess ions from the solution, which helps restore the equilibrium and reduce the ionic product back to the solubility product level.
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About Chemical Equilibrium
Reversible reactions reach dynamic equilibrium when forward and reverse rates become equal, and Le Chatelier's principle predicts the effect of changing concentration, pressure or temperature. The chapter also covers solubility product, the common ion effect, buffer action and the conditions used in Haber's process, with equilibrium shifts distinguished from changes in the equilibrium constant.
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