A cross-sectional survey finds that adults with poor housing are more likely to have tuberculosis. What is the main limitation when interpreting this finding?
Correct answer: A. Temporality cannot be established
- A. Temporality cannot be established
- B. The sample must contain only children
- C. The result cannot show any association
- D. The survey automatically proves causation
Explanation
Cross-sectional studies measure exposure and outcome at the same time, so they may not show which came first. They can identify associations, but proving causation requires additional evidence such as temporality and control of confounding.
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About Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Epidemiology examines the distribution and causes of disease by person, place and time, using measures such as incidence, prevalence, mortality and case-fatality rates. Biostatistics covers data presentation, sampling, averages, variability, probability and interpretation of study results, while distinguishing association from causation.
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