Which of the following was not identified as one of the four conditions that must be met before a researcher can say that an independent variable or variables caused the change in the dependent variable ?

Correct answer: D. internal consistency

  • A. time order
  • B. correlation
  • C. theory
  • D. internal consistency
  • E. elimination of spuriousness

Explanation

Causal claims require correlation, correct time order, and elimination of spurious explanations; a theory is also commonly used to support the causal interpretation. Internal consistency is not one of these causal conditions.

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