Moderate

To be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship exists, it is necessary to:

Correct answer: C. perform a controlled experiment

  • A. engage in naturalistic observation
  • B. develop a positive correlation
  • C. perform a controlled experiment
  • D. test for a negative correlation

Explanation

A controlled experiment manipulates a suspected cause and controls other factors, allowing researchers to make a stronger cause-and-effect inference. Correlations show association but cannot by themselves establish causation.

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