The Muslim scientist who wrote the books on Astronomy, Algebra and Arithmetic was:

Explanation

Al-Khawarizmi, often referred to as the "father of algebra," was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who made significant contributions to the fields of algebra, arithmetic, and astronomy. His book "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing) laid the foundations for algebra and introduced systematic methods for solving linear and quadratic equations.