Temporary hardness in natural water is mainly caused by the presence of:
Correct answer: D. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonates
- A. Iron and manganese oxides
- B. Calcium and magnesium chlorides
- C. Sodium and potassium sulfates
- D. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonates
Explanation
Temporary hardness is associated mainly with bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium and can often be reduced by boiling. Chlorides and sulfates generally produce permanent hardness instead.
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Environmental engineering examines water supply, water quality, treatment processes, wastewater collection and treatment, solid waste management, air pollution and public health protection. It covers sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, biological treatment and disposal methods, while distinguishing drinking-water treatment from sewage treatment and BOD from COD.
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