Seed formation without fertilization in flowering plants involves the process of:

Explanation

Apomixis is an asexual reproductive process in plants that does not involve gametic fusion. In apomictic flowering plants, there is no fertilization and embryos develop simply by division of a cell of ovule.A. Somatic hybridization involves the in vitro fusion of protoplasts to form a hybrid cell and culturing the hybrid cell to form a hybrid plant.C. Sporulation is the process of dispersal of spores either by wind or animals. D. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a bud develops on some part of the body and starts growing, eventually detaching itself from the parent body and starting an independent life.