Moderate

Permanent change in soil is due to__________________?

Correct answer: D. Isomorphic substitution

  • A. Ionic bonding
  • B. pH change
  • C. Covalent bonding
  • D. Isomorphic substitution

Explanation

Isomorphic substitution replaces one ion in a clay mineral lattice with another of similar size, creating a permanent charge that does not depend on pH. This differs from pH-dependent charge caused by surface reactions.

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