β. particle ionizes an atom:
Correct answer: D. All of the above
- A. Through direct collision
- B. Through electrostatic repulsion
- C. Through electrostatic attraction
- D. All of the above
Explanation
A beta particle (an electron or positron) can ionize atoms through multiple electrostatic interactions. It can knock out an atomic electron in a direct collision or disturb the electron cloud through attraction (if it's a positron) or repulsion (if it's an electron), transferring enough energy to cause ionization.
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