In which one of the following cases will the liquid flow in a pipe be most streamlined?
Correct answer: B. Liquid of high viscosity and low density flowing through a pipe of small radius
- A. Liquid of high viscosity and high density flowing through a pipe of small radius
- B. Liquid of high viscosity and low density flowing through a pipe of small radius
- C. Liquid of low viscosity and low density flowing rough a pipe of large radius
- D. Liquid of low viscosity and high density flowing through a pipe of large radius
Explanation
The flow of liquid is most streamlined when it is laminar, which is more likely to occur with high viscosity and low density in a small radius pipe. High viscosity helps to dampen flow disturbances, and low density reduces inertial forces, helping to maintain a steady, layered flow. Option B correctly identifies these conditions. Options A and D involve high density, which increases inertial forces and can promote turbulence. Option C involves low viscosity and a large radius, both of which contribute to turbulent flow rather than laminar flow.
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Fluid flow is described through speed, pressure and density, including steady flow and the equation of continuity for conserving mass. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, speed and height, while fluid drag and terminal velocity explain why a falling object eventually moves at constant speed when drag balances its weight.
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