In this stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are converted to ADP+Pi and NADP+:

Correct answer: B. Light independent reaction

  • A. Light dependent reaction
  • B. Light independent reaction
  • C. Both of these
  • D. None of above

Explanation

The light-independent reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle or the dark reactions, is the second stage of photosynthesis. It takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly rely on light energy. The primary purpose of the light-independent reaction is to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose and other organic molecules. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH (generated during the light-dependent reactions) are used as energy sources. Carbon dioxide molecules are combined with a five-carbon compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form a six-carbon molecule. This molecule is then converted into various organic compounds through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The cycle regenerates RuBP, allowing it to be reused in the process.

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Cellular respiration explains how cells release energy from glucose through glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. It includes ATP production, substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic versus anaerobic respiration, and the roles of mitochondria, oxygen and fermentation in energy transfer.

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