For a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress is directly proportional to the:
Correct answer: D. Rate of angular deformation
- A. Hydraulic gradient of the channel
- B. Absolute pressure of the fluid
- C. Square of the flow velocity
- D. Rate of angular deformation
Explanation
A Newtonian fluid follows Newton's law of viscosity, in which shear stress equals dynamic viscosity multiplied by the rate of shear strain. Pressure and velocity may affect a flow, but they do not define this constitutive relation.
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Hydraulics studies fluid properties, pressure, buoyancy, continuity, Bernoulli's equation, momentum, pipe flow, open-channel flow and hydraulic machines. Water resources extends these principles to pumps, turbines, reservoirs, irrigation, floods and hydrology, while distinguishing laminar from turbulent flow and uniform from gradually varied channel flow.
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